2024 African elections: A year in review

The year 2024 saw Africa’s dynamic political landscape take center stage, with pivotal elections shaping governance, democracy, and regional stability. From high-stakes presidential contests to tightly fought local polls, voters across the continent voiced their aspirations for change, accountability, and progress. Here’s a closer look at the defining electoral moments of the year.

South Africa: ANC faces decline amid rising opposition
In May, South Africans headed to the polls in a general election that underscored the ruling African National Congress’s (ANC) waning dominance. While the ANC retained power, it secured its lowest share of votes since the end of apartheid. Economic stagnation, persistent corruption scandals, and rising inequality eroded public trust. The Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) capitalized on this discontent, making notable gains. Analysts highlighted a shifting political landscape, with urban voters and young South Africans increasingly seeking alternatives to ANC rule.

Nigeria: Key governorship elections
Following the 2023 general elections, Nigeria conducted governorship elections in critical states in early 2024. The contests were marked by fierce competition, with the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) losing ground in some areas. Issues such as security, unemployment, and healthcare dominated campaigns. While voter turnout improved, incidents of vote-buying and isolated violence persisted, drawing criticism from civil society organizations. Observers noted modest progress in the use of technology to enhance transparency.

Zimbabwe: Contested results spark protests
Zimbabwe’s presidential and parliamentary elections in August reignited debates about the country’s democratic trajectory. President Emmerson Mnangagwa was declared the winner, securing another term for the ruling ZANU-PF party. Opposition leader Nelson Chamisa disputed the results, alleging widespread irregularities. Protests erupted in major cities, with demonstrators calling for transparency and electoral reform. The African Union (AU) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) urged calm and dialogue, while international observers noted logistical issues and voter suppression tactics.

Democratic Republic of Congo: A tight presidential race
The Democratic Republic of Congo held its presidential election in December, a high-stakes contest that tested the nation’s fragile stability. Incumbent President Félix Tshisekedi faced strong opposition amid dissatisfaction over slow economic reforms and ongoing insecurity in the eastern regions. While early results pointed to a tight race, opposition groups raised concerns about irregularities. The peaceful conduct of voters was praised, though logistical challenges marred the process. The election outcome will likely influence the DRC’s political and economic trajectory for years to come.

Sierra Leone: Divisive runoff tests institutions
In Sierra Leone, a heated presidential runoff in June saw incumbent Julius Maada Bio secure a second term in a narrow victory. The election exposed deep ethnic and regional divisions, with both sides contesting aspects of the vote. Despite tensions, the country’s democratic institutions managed to mediate disputes, averting major unrest. Observers noted the resilience of Sierra Leone’s electoral system, though they emphasized the need for reforms to address persistent vulnerabilities.

Ethiopia: regional elections and recovery
As Ethiopia continues to recover from years of internal conflict, regional elections in Tigray and other states marked a critical step toward rebuilding governance structures. The elections, held in a climate of cautious optimism, were praised for restoring democratic participation in some areas. However, limited opposition involvement and the lingering effects of conflict on voter turnout tempered the overall success.

Key trends shaping African elections in 2024
Youth engagement emerged as a defining feature across the continent, with younger voters increasingly driving political discourse. The use of biometric systems and electronic result transmission improved transparency in several elections, though technical glitches highlighted the need for better infrastructure. Additionally, electoral disputes and protests underscored the critical role of international observers and regional bodies in mediating conflicts and ensuring accountability.

Looking ahead
Africa’s 2024 elections highlighted both progress and persistent challenges. While many countries demonstrated the resilience of their democratic systems, issues such as voter suppression, corruption, and regional instability remain. The outcomes of these elections will shape governance, development, and diplomacy across the continent, setting the stage for what promises to be an equally significant electoral year in 2025.