Could Translation of Ancient Egyptian Texts Change Everything We’ve Known about Africa?

The rich writings of the magnificent civilization of ancient Egypt have until now been incomprehensible, unavailable, or totally removed from the general public, aside from a few archaeologists or scholars of ancient texts. Soon, however, they will be made available and comprehensible to the average reader of the English language.

A Guardian UK report says that Cambridge scholar Toby Wilkinson has embarked on the monumental task of translating the bulk of ancient Egyptian texts known as hieroglyphic writings into an anthology written in modern English. Wilkinson, an Egyptologist, says he wants to make the writings, wisdom, and amazing literary sophistication of the ancient Egyptians available to the general reader. His anthology, titled “Writings from Ancient Egypt,” is scheduled for release today by Penguin Classics.

Wilkinson’s work is apt and perhaps long overdue. It is intriguing that while there have been multiple modern translations of texts from ancient European civilizations (Greek and Latin) as well as ancient Asian and Middle Eastern civilizations (Chinese and Sumerian), very little effort or interest has been invested into translating the ancient African (Egyptian) texts from the world’s oldest civilization into modern, everyday English.

An adobe tablet with ancient Egyptian (hieroglyphic) writings inscribed on its surface. Ancient Egypt

While there have no doubt been feverish displays of interest from academics in all things Egyptian, sadly most of that interest has been limited to the artifacts, treasures and monuments of the ancient pharaohs, the astonishing pyramids of Giza, the inconceivably well-preserved Egyptian mummies, and the magnificent treasures in the royal burial chambers.

Most of the curiosity about ancient Egyptians seems to conveniently ignore the inta0ngibles like literature, which Wilkinson describes as “the life of the mind, as expressed in the written word.”

Exploring the writings of any civilization is perhaps the best route of grasping a detailed insight into their world or catching a glimpse of life as they saw it. So far, however, it appears that mainstream interest in the ancient Egyptians’ literary compositions has been limited mostly to deciphering the location of hidden treasures or plundering the ancient land of its riches.

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Ancient Egyptians invented the earliest alphabet around 3,500 BC using a system of writing known as hieroglyphs (Latin for scared writings), which continued to be an important form of writing for the next 3000 years. Hieroglyphs combine logographic and alphabetic elements. In their simplest form, they use pictographic symbols to represent spoken words.

The closest we have to hieroglyphs today is perhaps our use of emoticons to pepper or colour our online communication. But hieroglyphs were amazingly so well developed that they could convey subtle nuance and powerful metaphors.

Ancient Egyptian scribes typically made their hieroglyphic writings on papyrus scrolls, but hieroglyphs were often written on just about any surface. They have been found inscribed on walls, on tablets, and in the recesses of the tombs of ancient kings. Wilkinson says the writings of ancient Egyptians span the range of human interest, including business, poetry, satire, and even songs.

The ancient Egyptians were prolific writers and great thinkers. Wilkinson believes there is a certainly a new and intimate dimension to be added to what we already know about them from interacting with their written words. “What will surprise people are the insights behind the well-known facade of ancient Egypt, behind the image that everyone has of the pharaohs, Tutankhamun’s mask, and the pyramids,” he explains.

Wilkinson says it is quite regrettable that on occasion, even museums that are expected to know better have categorized and displayed hieroglyphic texts as artifacts instead of the manuscripts that they actually are. Hopefully, Wilkinson’s collection of ancient Egyptian writings will provide a refreshing narrative to the general public about the life and times of the great pharaohs and the people of ancient Egypt.

Mark Babatunde

Mark Babatunde is a believer in the wonders of rice and beans. Quite thin and very nervous, he likes to laugh out loud in his high pitched voice just to enrage his nice neighbors. He has a bucket list that includes jet skiing from Lagos to London. He is also a wannabe nudist, a civil engineer and the biggest fan of the Simpsons.

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  • It's not the bulk of Egyptian texts. It's an anthology, and far from the first of its kind - the Guardian are simply wrong about this. There have been at least 6 anthologies of Egyptian texts published in English in the last 50 years, aside from Wilkinson's book. They are:

    - Ancient Egyptian Literature, by Miriam Lichtheim (3 volumes, published 1974, 1976, and 1980);
    - Voices from Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Middle Kingdom Writings, by Richard Parkinson (published 1990)
    - Echoes of Egyptian Voices: Anthology of Ancient Egyptian Poetry by John L. Foster (published 1992);
    - The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, 1940-1640 BC, by Richard Parkinson (published 1997);

    - Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, by John L. Foster (published 2001);

    - The Literature of Ancient Egypt, edited by W.K. Simpson (first published 1973; revised 2003).

    So far as I am aware, all of these are still available on Amazon, and still in print. These aren't even the more "scholarly" volumes like Stephen Quirke's "Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings" (published 2004), or James Allen's translation of the Pyramid Texts (2nd edition published 2015), or his Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom (published 2014). So the idea that Wilkinson has done something revolutionary and new here is utter nonsense. Even these, though, weren't the first. Anthologies were published by James Henry Breasted in several volumes in the 1900s, and E.A. Wallis Budge in 1914.

    It is simply untrue to say that "very little effort or interest has been invested into translating the ancient African (Egyptian) texts from the world’s oldest civilization into modern, everyday English."

    It is also untrue that "[m]ost of the curiosity about ancient Egyptians seems to conveniently
    ignore the intangibles like literature, which Wilkinson describes as “the life of the mind, as expressed in the written word.”"

    It was the decipherment of hieroglyphs by Jean-Francois Champollion in 1822 (announced in his Lettre a M. Dacier) that created the modern academic subject of Egyptology, and the volume of lexicographical, grammatical, linguistic and literary produced since then has been truly enormous. A good place to start reading about Egyptian literature can be found in Richard Parkinson's 2002 book, "Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection", or the same author's 2009 volume "Reading Ancient Egyptian Poetry: Among Other Histories".

    Volumes by Moers (1996), Loprieno (1996), Enmarch and Lepper (2013), Hagen (2013), to name but a tiny cross-section of recent works, discuss literature in the academic context, and the study of ancient Egyptian grammar and texts likely makes up the bulk of research into ancient Egypt done in Europe. Most of the content of academic journals like the Zeitschrift fur Agyptische Sprache, Lingua Aegyptia, Studien zur Altagyptischen Kulture, or Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise Afrique et Orientale is given over to discussion of Egyptian grammar.

    The picture of Egyptology painted in this article simply does not reflect reality.

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